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Almost every rail prices the same way: a percentage, a flat amount, or both, sometimes bounded by a floor or a cap. Once you can see those four parts, most pricing pages stop being confusing.
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A fee is built from at most four numbers: a percentage of the amount, a fixed amount added on top, a minimum the fee never drops below, and a maximum it never rises above. A card rail quoting 2.9% + $0.30 is using the first two. A domestic instant rail charging a flat 1 unit is using only the second. A wallet capped at a few units on large payments is using the fourth.
The reason this matters is that the parts behave completely differently as the amount changes. The percentage scales with the payment; the fixed amount does not. On a small payment the fixed part dominates, and on a large one it disappears into the rounding.
A provider quoting "2.9% + $0.30" is not charging 2.9%. On a $10 payment that is $0.59, which is 5.9%. On a $1,000 payment it is $29.30, or 2.93%. The headline is a floor the real cost approaches from above, and it only gets close on large amounts.
The number worth comparing is the effective rate: the fee divided by the amount. It is the only figure that lets two differently-shaped prices be ranked against each other, and it changes every time the amount does.
A minimum fee makes a rail expensive on small payments regardless of how low its percentage is. A maximum does the opposite: above the cap, the effective rate falls continuously as the amount rises, so a rail that looked expensive at $50 can be the cheapest option at $5,000.
This is why a single league table of payment methods is misleading. The ordering is a function of the amount, and any honest comparison has to let you set it.
Prices change. Everything here is explained against live fee data, so you can check any of it directly.